Hollow fiber membrane bioreactors (HFMBRs) are sophisticated systems widely employed in chemical processes. Their distinctive design, characterized by numerous of hollow fibers serving as both a separation medium and a support for microbial growth, promotes high-performance production. HFMBRs possess several strengths, including {enhanced{ mass tra

The efficiency of Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membrane bioreactors in treating municipal wastewater has been a subject of extensive study. These membrane systems offer distinct benefits such as high reduction rates for pollutants, compact footprint, and the potential to produce reusable water. This article analyzes recent progresses in PVDF memb